Antarctica Cruises

Why would anyone want to visit Antarctica? Antarctica is the coldest, windiest, and driest place on earth. The tourist season is a scant four months long. There are no shops, piers, idyllic beaches, or tourist venues at the Antarctic ports of call. The ocean crossing from South America, Africa, or Australia is almost always a rough one.
Despite all of these perceived negatives, Antarctica has always been on my list of "must see" destinations. We cruised to Antarctica in January 2005 on the Hapag-Lloyd Hanseatic, and can now understand why so many others express an interest in visiting a continent with such a hostile environment.
Lucky for those of us who love to cruise, the best way to visit Antarctica is via cruise ship. Since most of the wildlife in Antarctica is found on the ice-free narrow ridges of coastline around the islands and mainland, cruise passengers don't have to miss out on any of the interesting sea, land or air creatures of this exciting continent. In addition, Antarctica has no tourism infrastructure such as hotels, restaurants, or tour guides, so a cruise ship is an ideal vehicle for visiting the sixth continent. One note-you won't get to the South Pole on a ship. Unlike the North Pole, which lies in the middle of the Arctic Ocean, the South Pole is hundreds of miles inland, situated on a high plateau. Some visitors to the South Pole have even experienced altitude sickness!


Background
Although 95 percent of Antarctica is covered with ice, there are rocks and soil under all that ice and the continent is twice the size of Australia. Antarctica is also our highest continent, with over half of the land over 6500 feet above sea level. The highest peak on Antarctica is over 11000 feet. Since Antarctica gets less than 4 inches of precipitation a year, all of it in the form of snow, it qualifies as a polar desert.
The ocean surrounding Antarctica is one of its most interesting features. The winds and sea currents interact ferociously, causing this area of the ocean to be very turbulent. The Antarctic Convergence is the region where the warm, saltier waters flowing south from South America meet the cold, dense and fresher waters moving north from Antarctica. These conflicting currents are constantly mixing and result in a very rich environment for an abundance of sea plankton. The plankton attracts large numbers of birds and sea mammals. The end result is the famous rough seas of the Drake Passage and Tierra del Fuego and the thousands of fascinating creatures that survive this inhospitable climate.

When to Go to Antarctica
The tourist season is only four months long in Antarctica-from November to February. The rest of the year is not only very cold-as low as 50 degrees below zero-but also dark or nearly dark most of the time. Even if you could stand the cold you couldn't see anything! Each month has its own attractions. November is early summer, and the birds are courting and mating. December and January feature hatching penguins and baby chicks, along with warmer temperatures and up to 20 hours of daylight each day. February is late summer, but the whale sightings are more frequent and the chicks are beginning to become fledglings. There is also less ice in the late summer, and the ships are not as booked up as earlier in the season.

Types of Cruise Ships Visiting Antarctica
Although explorers have sailed Antarctic waters since the 15th century, the first tourists didn't arrive until 1957 when a Pan American flight from Christchurch, New Zealand landed for a short time at McMurdo Sound. Tourism really picked up starting in the late 1960s when expedition tour operators began offering trips. The past few years, over 30 ships have carried tourists into Antarctic waters. Almost 30,000 of these tourists land ashore in Antarctica and another 13,000 either sail in Antarctic waters or fly over the continent. Ships vary in size from less than 50 to over 1000 passengers. The ships also vary in amenities, from basic supply vessels to small expedition ships to mainstream cruise ships to small luxury cruise ships such as the Hapag-Lloyd Hanseatic we sailed on.
One word of caution-some ships (especially the larger ships such as those operated by Crystal, Holland America and Princess) do not allow passengers to go ashore in Antarctica. They provide wonderful vistas of the spectacular Antarctic scenery, but only from the deck of the ship. This "sail-by" type of Antarctic cruise, often called an Antarctic "experience", helps keep the price down, but can be a disappointment if landing on Antarctic soil is important to you. The International Association of Antarctic Tour Operators requires its members to pledge to send no more than 100 persons ashore at any one time. Larger ships cannot logistically meet this pledge, and any cruise line disregarding it would probably not get a permit to sail to Antarctica again.

Although large ships cannot land passengers ashore in Antarctica, they do have some advantages. Larger ships such as those used by Princess, Holland America, and Crystal normally have deeper hulls and stabilizers, making the cruise a smoother ride. That might be very important in the rough waters of the Drake Passage and South Atlantic. The second advantage is that since these ships are larger, the fare may not be quite as high as on a smaller ship. The traditional cruise ships also offer amenities and activities not available on some smaller expedition ships.
For those like me who want to "touch down" in Antarctica, many of the smaller ships have either ice-strengthened hulls or qualify as ice breakers. The ice-strengthened ships like the Hapag-Lloyd Hanseatic we sailed on can go further south into the ice flows than a traditional ship, but only ice breakers can venture close into shore in the Ross Sea. If seeing the famous Ross Island explorers' huts is important to you, you might make sure you are on a ship that is qualified to traverse the Ross Sea and includes it in the itinerary. One disadvantage of ice breakers is that they have very shallow drafts, which makes them ideal for sailing in icy waters, but not for sailing in rough seas. You will get a lot more motion on an ice breaker than a traditional ship.
There are no cruise ship docks in Antarctic. Smaller ships such as the Hanseatic that take passengers ashore use inflatable Zodiac boats powered by outboard engines rather than tenders. These small boats are ideal for the "wet" landings on the undeveloped shores of Antarctica, but anyone with mobility problems might have to stay onboard the cruise ship. The Zodiacs normally carry from 9 to 14 passengers, a driver and a guide.

Getting to Your Ship
Most ships traveling to Antarctica start in South America. Ushuaia, Argentina is probably the most popular embarkation point. Passengers flying from North America or Europe pass through Buenos Aires or Santiago on their way to the southern tip of South America. It's about a 3-hour flight from Buenos Aires to Ushuaia and another 36 hours of sailing from there to the Antarctic Peninsula.
Some ships sail from South Africa, Australia or New Zealand to Antarctica. If you look at a , you can see that it is quite a bit further from those locations to the continent than from South America, which means the trip would involve more sea days.